1. Human Biology

• Levels of biological organization (cell → tissue → organ → system)
• Homeostasis and feedback mechanisms
• Basic metabolism and energy balance
• Adaptation to stress (fasting, exercise, aging)
• Growth, development, and apoptosis
• Structure–function relationships

2. Anatomy

• General anatomical terminology and planes
• Major organ systems:
  • Cardiovascular
  • Respiratory
  • Gastrointestinal
  • Urinary
  • Nervous (central and peripheral overview)
  • Musculoskeletal
• Basic neuroanatomy (brain regions, spinal cord)
• Surface anatomy and clinical correlations
• Blood supply, venous drainage, and lymphatics (overview)

3. Physiology

• Cell membrane, Transport across Membranes
• Total Body Water & Body fluids
• Nerve, Resting Membrane Potential and Action Potential
• Neuromuscular Transmission, Thermoregulation
• Muscle, Types, Excitation contraction coupling
• Autonomic Nervous System
• Introduction to Blood Components
• Bone mineral Calcium Homeostasis
• Introduction to major Human Body Systems (Cardiovascular, Respiratory, Renal, Gastrointestinal, Endocrine)
• Integration of systems in maintaining Homeostasis

4. Cell & Molecular Biology

• Cell structure and organelles
• Cell cycle, mitosis, and meiosis
• DNA replication, transcription, and translation
• Protein synthesis and post-translational modification
• Signal transduction pathways
• Cell–cell communication
• Stem cells and differentiation

5. Genetics

• Mendelian inheritance patterns
• Chromosomal abnormalities
• Gene mutations and polymorphisms
• Basics of epigenetics
• Genetic regulation of development
• Introduction to genetic testing and counseling
• Ethical considerations in genetics

6. Immunology

• Innate vs adaptive immunity
• Cells of the immune system
• Antigen presentation and MHC
• Humoral and cell-mediated immunity
• Hypersensitivity reactions
• Autoimmunity (basic concepts)
• Vaccination principles

7. Histology

• Epithelial tissues
• Connective tissues
• Muscle tissue
• Nervous tissue
• Basic histology of major organs (heart, lung, kidney, liver, intestine)
• Structure–function correlations

1. Biochemistry

• Carbohydrates chemistry
• Lipid Chemistry
• Amino acids and Protein Chemistry
• Plasma proteins
• Fibrous proteins
• Hemoglobin
• Enzymes
• Bioenergetics and electron transport chain
• Vitamins
• Minerals
• Acids, bases and buffer systems in humans
• Signal Transduction
• Digestion of carbohydrates
• Glycolysis under aerobic and anaerobic conditions
• Cori cycle, Oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate and acetyl-CoA

• Citric acid cycle reactions and energetics
• Gluconeogenesis
• Hexose monophosphate pathway: reactions and significance
• Glycogen Synthesis and Degradation
• Biochemical Basis of Diabetes Mellitus
• Digestion of lipids
• Fatty Acid Synthesis
• Oxidation of Fatty Acids
• Triacylglycerol metabolism
• Lipoproteins, Cholesterol
• Synthesis and breakdown of Ketone bodies, ketosis
• Eicosanoids
• Protein digestion, amino acid pool, and Glutamyl Cycle
• Trans deamination
• Metabolism of free ammonia

2. Pharmacology

• Principles of pharmacokinetics (ADME)
• Pharmacodynamics (receptors, agonists, antagonists)
• Dose–response relationships
• Drug safety and adverse effects
• Drug interactions
• Basic drug classes (overview only)

3. Pathology

• Cellular injury and adaptation
• Inflammation and healing
• Neoplasia (basic concepts)
• Hemodynamic disorders (edema, thrombosis)
• Infection and immunity-related pathology
• General mechanisms of disease

4. Microbiology

• Bacterial structure and classification
• Viruses: structure and replication
• Fungi and parasites (overview)
• Host–pathogen interactions
• Sterilization and infection control
• Antimicrobial resistance (concepts)

5. Biostatistics

• Types of data
• Measures of central tendency and dispersion
• Probability and distributions
• Sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV
• Interpretation of graphs and tables
• Basic hypothesis testing (conceptual)

6. Research Methodology

• Types of research studies
• Bias and confounding
• Ethics in research
• Evidence-based medicine principles
• Critical appraisal of research
• Interpretation of scientific literature

7. Public Health & Health Promotion

• Determinants of health
• Disease prevention levels
• Screening principles
• Epidemiology basics
• Health systems and policy (overview)
• Global health challenges
• Health promotion strategies